Ideal Utilitarianism + the Principle of Organic Unities: are friendship and aesthetic experience the highest intrinsic goods?

G.E. Moore, answered from the texts and cited to the page.

The position in brief

Right action is action that maximizes intrinsic good, where intrinsic good is to be identified by direct reflection rather than derived from natural facts. The position is Ideal Utilitarianism: consequentialist in structure (rightness determined by good produced) but rejecting the hedonist account of good that classical utilitarianism (Bentham, Mill) proposed.

Personal affection (friendship) and aesthetic enjoyment (the contemplation of beauty) are the greatest goods we know of.12 They are not means to other goods; they are intrinsic goods of the highest kind. The principle of organic unities: the value of a whole is not necessarily the sum of the values of its parts. A whole containing both a beautiful object and the appropriate emotional response to it has a value that exceeds the sum of either component alone — the experience of beauty is an organic unity whose value is not derivable from the value of beauty plus the value of the experience.

The principle generalizes: in ethics we cannot calculate the value of complex states of affairs by summing the values of simpler components. The doctrine has been the philosophical scripture of the Bloomsbury Group, who took the aesthetic-and-friendship ethic as the core of a way of life.3

Sources

  1. I propose to begin by examining what I have called aesthetic enjoyments, since the case of personal affections presents some additional complications. It is, I think, universally admitted that the proper appreciation of a beautiful object is a good thing in itself; and my question is: What are the main elements included in such an appreciation?
    Principia Ethica (1922 (first ed. 1903))
  2. In particular, it may be remarked that the emotions, of which the contemplation is essential to the greatest values, and which are also themselves appropriately excited by such contemplation, appear to be those which are commonly most highly prized under the name of affection.
    Principia Ethica (1922 (first ed. 1903))
  3. That it is only for the sake of these things--in order that as much of them as possible may at some time exist--that any one can be justified in performing any public or private duty; that they are the raison d'être of virtue; that it is they--these complex wholes themselves, and not any constituent or characteristic of them--that form the rational ultimate end of human action and the sole criterion of social…
    Principia Ethica (1922 (first ed. 1903))

Where the argument is made

  • Principia Ethica (1903) Chapter 5 'Ethics in Relation to Conduct' on Ideal Utilitarianism, Chapter 6 'The Ideal' on the highest goods
  • Chapter 1 §22 on the principle of organic unities

How the argument was received

Ideal Utilitarianism is the positive ethics of Principia Ethica and one of the central early-twentieth-century contributions to value theory. Its reception by the Bloomsbury Group made it culturally influential beyond academic philosophy. Baldwin's G.E. Moore (1990) Chapter IV gives the systematic contemporary exposition. The principle of organic unities is widely accepted in contemporary value theory; the friendship-and-aesthetic-experience identification of highest goods is more contested. Contemporary value pluralists (Raz, Wall) develop related positions; Parfit's On What Matters treats Ideal Utilitarianism as a candidate for convergence with Kantian and contractualist theories. The position remains a live alternative within consequentialism.