Applied psychology: should the findings of the laboratory be carried out into law, work, therapy, education, and art?

Hugo Münsterberg, answered from the texts and cited to the page.

The position in brief

The psychologists have built, in a single generation, a science of the mind in the laboratory — of attention and memory, of feeling and will, of individual difference and fatigue and learning.12 And there they have too often left it, as if the knowledge were an ornament for the study rather than a tool for the world. I say the time is ripe to carry the results of the laboratory into the practical life of the world: into the courtroom, where the psychology of testimony bears on justice; into the factory and the office, where the fitting of the man to his work and the study of fatigue and efficiency bear on labor; into the clinic, where the mind may be healed by mental means; into the school and the market and even the picture-house.3

This is not to cheapen the science but to fulfill it. A science of mind that cannot help the judge, the employer, the physician, and the teacher is a science that has not yet understood its own reach. The laboratory is the source; the world is the field.45

Sources

  1. Attention and memory, association and inhibition, emotion and volition, judgment and feeling all became subjected to the scientific scheme of experiment. And that was all supplemented by the progress of physiological psychology, pathological psychology, child psychology, animal psychology.
    Psychotherapy
  2. For the sciences of the mind too, the time has come when theory and practice must support each other. An exceedingly large mass of facts has been gathered, the methods have become refined and differentiated, and however much may still be under discussion, the ground common to all is ample enough to build upon. Another important reason for the slowness of practical progress was probably this.
    Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
  3. As soon as the labor has been divided it can develop in both fields without restriction. The practical psychologists can then really adjust their questions to their own specific interests instead of being obliged to subordinate them to conceptions of general psychology and to make them a mere appendix of theoretical studies.
    Psychology General and Applied, p. 345
  4. Psychology has made rapid progress since those times in which the alchemist cornered the market, but our modern commerce and industry so far have profited little from the advance.
    American Problems, pp. 152–153
  5. No one dreamed of the possibility of carrying such experimental method to the higher problenis of inner life which seemed the exclusive region of the philosophising psychologist.
    On the Witness Stand, pp. 19–21

Where the argument is made

  • Psychology: General and Applied (1914 — the systematic case for application)
  • Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913)
  • On the Witness Stand (1908)
  • Psychotherapy (1909)
  • The Photoplay (1916)

How the argument was received

Münsterberg's programmatic case for applied psychology was contested in his day by laboratory purists who thought application premature and a threat to the young science's rigor, but it is overwhelmingly vindicated: applied psychology — industrial-organizational, forensic, clinical, educational, consumer/health — is now one of the largest parts of the discipline, and Münsterberg is a founder of several of its branches. The enduring caution is the one his own career illustrated: early application sometimes outran the evidence, and responsible application requires that the science be solid before it is sold. The principle that laboratory findings should be put to use is now simply the mainstream; the discipline is the caution about doing it rigorously.